CASE 01
M.2 NVMe — short circuit (PMIC & capacitor)
A shorted ceramic capacitor on the 3.3 V rail drags down the supply of the entire drive: the controller never powers up and the SSD stays invisible in BIOS. The defective capacitor is removed under the microscope and replaced with a new 0402 part — the rail returns to 3.29 V and the data is fully readable again, with nothing lost.
BEFORE0.3 Ω → GND (short)
AFTER2.1 kΩ — rail healthy